homeserver/Kubernetes_deployments/README.md

Setup K3s Kubernetes Cluster
===================================

# Configure Cert Manager for automating SSL certificate handling

Cert manager handles SSL certificate creation and renewal from Let's Encrypt.

```bash
helm repo add jetstack https://charts.jetstack.io --force-update
helm repo update

helm install \
  cert-manager jetstack/cert-manager \
  --namespace cert-manager \
  --create-namespace \
  --version v1.15.3 \
  --set crds.enabled=true \
  --set prometheus.enabled=false \
  --set webhook.timeoutSeconds=4 \
```

Next, deploy the certificate Issuer. Issuers, and ClusterIssuers,
are Kubernetes resources that represent certificate authorities (CAs) that are
able to generate signed certificates by honoring certificate signing requests.
All cert-manager certificates require a referenced issuer that is in a ready
condition to attempt to honor the request.
[Ref](https://cert-manager.io/docs/concepts/issuer/).

The template for ClusterIssuer is in the cert-manager directory. A single
wildcard-cert will be created and used for all ingress subdomains. Create a new
certificate and cert in cert directory and copy the secret manually to all the
namespaces.

First add the DNS servers to the coreDNS config:

```bash
export KUBE_EDITOR=nvim
# Change the forward section with . 1.1.1.1 1.0.0.1
kubectl -n kube-system edit configmap coredns
```
Next, deploy the ClusterIssuer, WildcardCert, and secrets using helm

```bash
source .env
helm install cert-handler cert-manager-helm-chart \
  --atomic --set secret.apiToken=$CLOUDFLARE_TOKEN \
  --set clusterIssuer.email=$EMAIL \
  --set wildcardCert.dnsNames[0]=$DNSNAME

# Copy the wildcard certificate to other namespaces
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert-manager -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert-manager/namespace: <namespace>/' | kubectl apply -f -
```

If for some reason certificate secret `wildcard-cert-secret` is not generated,
the issue can be related to cloudflare API token is wrong, the token secret is
missing, the Issuer or ClusterIssuer is not ready etc.

Here are some troubleshoot commands to test:

```bash
kubectl get clusterissuer
kubectl describe clusterissuer
kubectl get certificate -n nginx-test
kubectl get certificateRequest -n nginx-test
kubectl describe challenges -n cert-manager
kubectl describe orders -n cert-manager
```

# Deploy Private Docker Registry

Create a new namespace called docker-registry and deploy the private
docker-registry.

First create docker credentials with htpasswd:

```bash
htpasswd -cB registry-passwords USERNAME

kubectl create namespace docker-registry
kubectl create secret generic registry-credentials \
  --from-file=.secrets/registry-passwords \
  -n docker-registry
```

Next, deploy the docker registry with helm chart:

```bash
source .env
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert-manager -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert-manager/namespace: docker-registry/' \
  | kubectl apply -f -

helm install registry docker-registry-helm-chart/ \
  --set host=$DOCKER_REGISTRY_HOST \
  --set ingress.tls.host=$DNSNAME \
  --atomic
```


# Deploy Portfolio Website from Private Docker Registry

First, create a secret to access the private docker registry. Then copy the
wildcard CA cert and deploy the portfolio webapp.

```bash
kubectl create namespace my-portfolio
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert/namespace: my-portfolio/' | kubectl apply -f -

source .env
kubectl create secret docker-registry my-registry-secret \
  --docker-server="${DOCKER_REGISTRY_HOST}" \
  --docker-username="${DOCKER_USER}" \
  --docker-password="${DOCKER_PASSWORD}" \
  -n my-portfolio

# use envsubst to substitute the environment variables in the manifest
envsubst < my-portfolio/portfolioManifest.yaml | \
  kubectl apply -n my-portfolio -f -
```


# Expose External Services via Traefik Ingress Controller

External services hosted outside the kubernetes cluster can be exposed using
the kubernetes traefik reverse proxy.

A nginx http server is deployed as a proxy that listens on port 80
and redirects requests to the proxmox local IP address. The server has an
associated clusterIP service which is exposed via ingress. The nginx proxy can
be configured to listen to other ports and forward traffic to other external
services running locally or remotely.

```bash
source .env
kubectl create namespace external-services
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert/namespace: external-services/' | kubectl apply -f -
envsubst < external-service/proxmox.yaml | \
  kubectl apply -n external-services -f -
```


# Create Shared NFS Storage for Plex and Jellyfin

A 1TB NVME SSD is mounted to one of the original homelab VMs. This serves as an
NFS mount for all k3s nodes to use as shared storage for plex and jellyfin
containers.

##  On the host VM:

```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server
sudo chown nobody:nogroup /media/flexdrive

# Configure mount on /etc/fstab to persist across reboot
sudo vim /etc/fstab
# Add the following line. Change the filsystem if other than ntfs
# /dev/sdb2    /media/flexdrive    ntfs    defaults    0    2

# Configure NFS exports by editing the NFS exports file
sudo vim /etc/exports
# Add the following line to the file
# /media/flexdrive 192.168.1.113/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)

# Apply the exports config
sudo exportfs -ra

# Start and enable NFS Server
sudo systemctl start nfs-kernel-server
sudo systemctl enable nfs-kernel-server
```

##  On all the K3s VMs:
```
sudo apt install nfs-common
sudo mkdir /mnt/media
sudo mount 192.168.1.113:/media/flexdrive /mnt/media
# And test if the contents are visible
# After that unmount with the following command as mounting will be taken care
# by k8s
sudo umount /mnt/media
```


# Deploy Jellyfin Container in K3s

Jellyfin is a media server that can be used to organize, play, and stream
audio and video files. The Jellyfin container is deployed in the k3s cluster
using the NFS shared storage for media files. Due to segregated nature of the
media manifest files, it has not been helm charted.

```bash
source .env
kubectl create namespace media
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert-manager -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert-manager/namespace: media/' | kubectl apply -f -

# Create a new storageclass called manual to not use longhorn storageclass
kubectl apply -f media/storageclass-nfs.yaml

# Create NFS PV and PVC
envsubst < media/pv.yaml | kubectl apply -n media -f -
kubectl apply -f media/pvc.yaml -n media

# Deploy Jellyfin
envsubst < media/jellyfin-deploy.yaml | kubectl apply -n media -f -
```

## Transfer media files from one PVC to another (Optional)

To transfer media files from one PVC to another, create a temporary pod to copy
files from one PVC to another. The following command will create a temporary
pod in the media namespace to copy files from one PVC to another.

```bash
# Create a temporary pod to copy files from one PVC to another
k apply -f temp-deploy.yaml -n media
# Copy files from one PVC to another
kubectl exec -it temp-pod -n media -- bash
cp -r /mnt/source/* /mnt/destination/
```


# Create Storage Solution

Longhorn is a distributed block storage solution for Kubernetes that is built
using containers. It provides a simple and efficient way to manage persistent
volumes. Longhorn is deployed in the k3s cluster to provide storage for the
containers. For security reasons, the longhorn UI is not exposed outside the
network. It is accessible locally via port-forwarding or loadbalancer.

In order to use Longhorn, the storage disk must be formatted and mounted on
each VM. The following commands format the disk and mount it on /mnt/longhorn
directory. For deployment, the longhorn helm chart is used to install longhorn
in the longhorn-system namespace.

```bash
# On each VM
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4
sudo mkdir /mnt/longhorn
sudo mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/longhorn

helm repo add longhorn https://charts.longhorn.io
helm repo update

kubectl create namespace longhorn-system
helm install longhorn longhorn/longhorn --namespace longhorn-system

kubectl -n longhorn-system get pods

# Access longhorn UI
kubectl -n longhorn-system port-forward svc/longhorn-frontend 8080:80
# Or make it permanent by setting the longhorn-frontend service type to
# LoadBalancer.
kubectl -n longhorn-system edit svc longhorn-frontend
```

## If the /mnt/longhorn is not shown

kubectl -n longhorn-system get nodes.longhorn.io
kubectl -n longhorn-system edit nodes.longhorn.io <node-name>
```
Add the following block under disks for all nodes:

```bash
    custom-disk-mnt-longhorn:           # New disk for /mnt/longhorn
      allowScheduling: true
      diskDriver: ""
      diskType: filesystem
      evictionRequested: false
      path: /mnt/longhorn                # Specify the new mount path
      storageReserved: 0                 # Adjust storageReserved if needed
      tags: []
```

## Setting the number of replicas

To set the number of replicas, edit the longhorn-storageclass configmap and
set the numberOfReplicas to the desired number.

```bash
# Set number of replica count to 1
kubectl edit configmap -n longhorn-system longhorn-storageclass
  set the numberOfReplicas: "1"
```


# Configure AdGuard Adblocker

AdGuard is deployed in the K3S cluster for network ad protection.
A loadbalancer service is used for DNS resolution and clusterIP
and ingress for the WEBUI.

The adguard initial admin port is 3000 which is bound to the loadbalancer IP
from the local network. The AdGuard UI is accessible from the ingress
domain on the internet.

```bash
kubectl create namespace adguard
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert/namespace: adguard/' | kubectl apply -f -

source .env
helm install adguard \
  --set host=$ADGUARD_HOST \
  --atomic adguard-helm-chart
```


# Pocketbase Database and Authentication Backend

Pocketbase serves as the database and authentication backend for
various side projects.

```bash
# Create namespace and copy the wildcard cert secret
kubectl create namespace pocketbase
kubectl get secret wildcard-cert-secret --namespace=cert-manager -o yaml \
  | sed 's/namespace: cert-manager/namespace: pocketbase/' | kubectl apply -f -

# Deploy pocketbase using helm chart
helm install pocketbase \
  --set ingress.host=$POCKETBASE_HOST \
  --set ingress.tls.hosts[0]=$DNSNAME \
  --atomic pocketbase-helm-chart
```

It may be required to create initial user and password for the superuser.
To do that, exec into the pod and run the following command:

```bash
pocketbase superuser create email password
```

# qBittorrent with Wireguard

qBittorrent is deployed with wireguard to route traffic through a VPN tunnel.
The following packages must be installed on each node:

```bash
# On each k3s node
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y wireguard wireguard-tools linux-headers-$(uname -r)
```

The qBittorrent is deplyoyed via helm chart. The qBittorrent deployment uses
the `media-nfs-pv` common NFS PVC for downloads. The helm chart contains both
qBittorrent and wireguard. For security, qBittorrent is not exposed outside the
network via ingress. It is accessible locally via loadbalancer IP address.

```bash
helm install qbittorrent qbittorrent-helm-chart/ --atomic
```

After deployment, verify qBittorrent is accessible on the loadbalancer IP and
port. Login to the qBittorrent UI with default credentials from the deployment
log. Change the user settings under settings/WebUI. Configure the network
interface (wg0) in settings/Advanced and set download/upload speeds in
settings/speed.

Also verify the VPM is working by executing the following command on the
qBittorrent pod:

```bash
curl ipinfo.io
```


# PostgreSQL Database

The PostgreSQL database uses the bitnami postgres helm chart with one primary
and one replica statefulset, totaling 2 postgres pods.

```bash
# Add the Bitnami repo if not already added
helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
helm repo update

# Install PostgreSQL with these values
source .env
helm install my-postgres \
  bitnami/postgresql -f values.yaml \
  --set global.postgresql.auth.username=$POSTGRES_USER \
  --set global.postgresql.auth.password=$POSTGRES_PASSWORD \
  --set global.postgresql.auth.postgresPassword=$POSTGRES_PASSWORD \
  --atomic \
  -n postgres
```

## Connect to the Database

```bash
psql -U $POSTGRES_USER -d postgres --host 192.168.1.145 -p 5432
```

## Backup and Restore PostgreSQL Database

```bash
# To backup
# Dump format is compressed and allows parallel restore
pg_dump -U $POSTGRES_USER -h 192.168.1.145 -p 5432 -F c \
  -f db_backup.dump postgres

# To restore
pg_restore -U $POSTGRES_USER -h 192.168.1.145 -p 5432 -d postgres db_backup.dump
```

## pgAdmin

pgAdmin provides GUI support for PostgreSQL database management. Deploy using
pgadmin.yaml manifest under postgres directory. The environment variables are
substituted from the .env file.

```bash
source .env
envsubst < postgres/pgadmin.yaml | kubectl apply -n postgres -f -
```

## Authentication Middleware Configuration for Traefik Ingress Controller

The Traefik Ingress Controller provides robust authentication capabilities
through middleware implementation. This functionality enables HTTP Basic
Authentication for services that do not include native user authentication
mechanisms.

To implement authentication, a Traefik middleware must be configured within
the target namespace. The process requires creating a secret file containing
authentication credentials (username and password). These credentials must
be base64 encoded before being integrated into the secret manifest file.

Execute the following commands to configure the authentication:

```bash
htpasswd -c traefik_auth username

echo traefik_auth | base64

source .env
envsubst < traefik-middleware/auth_secret.yaml | kubectl apply -n my-portfolio -f -
kubernetes apply -f traefik-middleware/auth.yaml -n my-portfolio
```

Following middleware deployment, the authentication must be enabled by adding the appropriate annotation to the service's Ingress object specification:

```
traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/router.middlewares: my-portfolio-basic-auth@kubernetescrd
```